All Medical Migraine Treatment Research

Over the last two decades, extensive medical research has confirmed the effectiveness of implanted neurostimulation for chronic head pain treatment. Dr. Reed’s seminal 1999 paper on Occipital Nerve Stimulation marked the beginning of this exploration.

What happened since then?

Since then, a remarkable 139 papers authored by 370 researchers from 123 institutions in the US and Europe have furthered the field. Our compilation, containing peer-reviewed articles and abstracts, strives to be a comprehensive resource in migraine treatment research.

While exploring, consider search terms like neurostimulation, occipital nerve stimulation, neuromodulation, cluster headache treatment, occipital neuralgia treatment, migraine research, and more.

Our curated collection includes 111+ clinical reports and 28 abstracts, available for download by clicking on the titles. Your contributions to this resource are appreciated – should you know of any missing articles, please get in touch.

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Abhinav K, Park ND, Prakash SK, Love-Jones S, Patel NK. Novel Use of Narrow Paddle Electrodes for Occipital Nerve Stimulation—Technical Note.

Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface 2013;16:607-609.

Amin S, Buvanendran A, Park KS, Kroin JS, Moric M. Peripheral nerve stimulator for the treatment of supraorbital neuralgia: a retrospective case series.

Cephalalgia 2008;28:355-359.

Arcioni R, Martelletti P. Refractory chronic migraine: Therapy with combined peripheral neurostimulation. In: Siva A, Lampl C, eds. Case-Based Diagnosis and Management of Headache Disorders.

Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, 2015: 75-80.

Asensio‐Samper JM, Villanueva VL, Pérez AV, et al. Peripheral neurostimulation in supraorbital neuralgia refractory to conventional therapy.

Pain Practice 2008;8:120-124.

Bermejo PE, del Pozo C, Parodi E, Ahijado J, Rey P. EHMTI-0224. Occipital nerve stimulation for drug-resistant chronic migraine: increasing experience.

The Journal of Headache and Pain 2014;15:1-1.

Brewer AC, Trentman TL, Ivancic MG, et al. Long-term outcome in occipital nerve stimulation patients with medically intractable primary headache disorders.

Neuromodulation 2012;16:557-564.

Bulger R, Conidi F, Reed KL. Combined supraorbital (SONS) and occipital nerve stimulation (ONS) for intractable post-herpetic neuralgia (P7.317).

American Academy of Neurology 2014 Annual Meeting; 2014; Philadelphia, PA: American Academy of Neurology: P7.317.

Burns B, Watkins L, Goadsby PJ. Treatment of medically intractable cluster headache by occipital nerve stimulation: long-term follow-up of eight patients.

The Lancet 2007;369:1099-1106.

Burns B, Watkins L, Goadsby PJ. Treatment of hemicrania continua by occipital nerve stimulation with a bion device: long-term follow-up of a crossover study.

Lancet Neurol 2008;7:1001-1012.

Burns B, Watkins L, Goadsby PJ. Treatment of intractable chronic cluster headache by occipital nerve stimulation in 14 patients.

Neurology 2009;72:341-345.

Carayannopoulos AG. Teaching case: occipital neuralgia in a young patient.

Headache 2007;47:1367-1370.

Chaiban G, Tolba R, Eissa H, et al. Successful treatment of occipital neuralgia with implantable peripheral nerve stimulation in a pacemaker-dependent patient.

The Ochsner Journal 2014;14:119-122.

Clark SW, Wu C, Boorman DW, et al. Long‐Term Pain Reduction Does Not Imply Improved Functional Outcome in Patients Treated With Combined Supraorbital and Occipital Nerve Stimulation for Chronic Migraine.

Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface 2016.

Clarke C, Azari P, Huh B. Damaged insulation mimicked symptoms of occipital stimulator lead migration.

Neuromodulation 2011;14:539-540; discussion 541.

Craig JA, Jr., Fisicaro MD, Zhou L. Revision of a superficially migrated percutaneous occipital nerve stimulator electrode using a minimally invasive technique.

Neuromodulation 2009;12:250-253.

Datta S, Reed KL, Will KR. Combined supraorbital (SONS) and occipital nerve stimulation (ONS) in failed surgical treatment of migraine: case report and review of the literature [abstract].

American Society of Intervention Pain Physicians 2012 Annual Meeting; 2012; Washington DC: Pain Physician: E541-572.

de Quintana-Schmidt C, Casajuana-Garreta E, Molet-Teixido J, et al. [Stimulation of the occipital nerve in the treatment of drug-resistant cluster headache].

Rev Neurol 2010;51:19-26.

Deshpande KK, Wininger KL. Feasibility of combined epicranial temporal and occipital neurostimulation: treatment of a challenging case of headache.

Pain Physician 2011;14:37-44.

Dodick D, Silberstein SD, Slavin KV, Reed KL, Huh B, Goldstein J. Evidence for long-term efficacy of peripheral nerve stimulation of the occipital nerves in the management of chronic migraine [abstract].

Cephalalgia 2013;33:58

Dodick DW. Occipital nerve stimulation for chronic cluster headache.

Advanced Studies in Medicine 2003;3:S569-S571.

Dodick DW, Silberstein SD, Reed KL, et al. Safety and efficacy of peripheral nerve stimulation of the occipital nerves for the management of chronic migraine: Long-term results from a randomized, multicenter, double-blinded, controlled study.

Cephalalgia 2014.

Dodick DW, Trentman TL, Zimmerman RS, Eric E. Occipital nerve stimulation for inttractable chronic primary headache disorders (p abs).

Cephalalgia 2003;23:701.

Eldrige JS, Obray JB, Pingree MJ, Hoelzer BC. Occipital neuromodulation: ultrasound guidance for peripheral nerve stimulator implantation.

Pain practice : the official journal of World Institute of Pain 2010;10:580-585.

Ellis J, Gill B, Pisapia D, Winfree C. Superficial temporal artery pseudoaneurysm following trigeminal nerve stimulator placement.

Neuromodulation 2014;17:788-790.

Ellis J, Mejia Munne J, Winfree C. Trigeminal branch stimulation for the treatment of intractable craniofacial pain.

J Neurosurg 2015;123:283-288.

Falowski S, Wang D, Sabesan A, Sharan A. Occipital nerve stimulator systems: review of complications and surgical techniques.

Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface 2010;13:121-125.

Feletti A, Santi GZ, Sammartino F, Bevilacqua M, Cisotto P, Longatti P. Peripheral trigeminal nerve field stimulation: report of 6 cases.

Neurosurg Focus 2013;35:E10.

Fontaine D, Blond S, Lucas C, et al. Occipital nerve stimulation improves the quality of life in medically-intractable chronic cluster headache: Results of an observational prospective study.

Cephalalgia 2016.

Fontaine D, Sol JC, Raoul S, et al. Treatment of refractory chronic cluster headache by chronic occipital nerve stimulation.

Cephalalgia 2011;31:1101-1105.

Franzini A, Messina G, Leone M, Broggi G. Occipital nerve stimulation (ONS). Surgical technique and prevention of late electrode migration.

Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2009;151:861-865; discussion 865.

Gaul C, Muller OM, Gasser T, Diener H-C, Katsarava Z. Bilateral occipital nerve stimulation for chronic cluster headache (p abs).

Cephalalgia 2009;29:42.

Ghaemi K, Capelle HH, Kinfe TM, Krauss JK. Occipital nerve stimulation for refractory occipital pain after occipitocervical fusion: expanding indications.

Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2008;86:391-393.

Hammer M, Doleys D. Perineuronal stimulation in the treatment of occipital neuralgia: a case study.

Neuromodulation 2001;4:47-51.

Hann S, Sharan A. Dual occipital and supraorbital nerve stimulation for chronic migraine: a single-center experience, review of literature, and surgical considerations.

experience, review of literature, and surgical considerations.

Hayek SM, Jasper JF, Deer T, Narouze S. Occipital neurostimulation-induced muscle spasms: implications for lead placement.

Pain Physician 2009;12:867-876.

Jakobs M, Unterberg A, Treede R-D, Schuh-Hofer S, Ahmadi R. Subcutaneous trigeminal nerve field stimulation for refractory trigeminal pain: a cohort analysis.

Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2016:1-8.

Johnson MD, Burchiel KJ. Peripheral stimulation for treatment of trigeminal postherpetic nerualgia and trigeminal postherpetic pain: a pilot study.

Neurosurgery 2004;55:135-142.

Johnstone CS, Sundaraj R. Occipital nerve stimulation for the treatment of occipital neuralgia-eight case studies.

Neuromodulation 2006;9:41-47.

Jones RL. Occipital nerve stimulation using a medtronic resume II electrode array.

Pain Physician 2003;6:507-508.

Kapural L, Mekhail N, Hayek SM, Stanton-Hicks M, Malak O. Occipital nerve electrical stimulation via the midline approach and subcutaneous surgical leads for treatment of severe occipital neuralgia: a pilot study.

Anesth Analg 2005;101:171-174, table of contents.

Kinfe T, Pintea B, Roeske S, Güresir Á, Güresir E, Vatter H. Percutaneous nerve field stimulation (PENS) of the occipital region as a possible predictor for occipital nerve stimulation (ONS) responsiveness in refractory headache disorders? A feasibility study.

Cephalalgia 2015.

Kiss ZH, Becker WJ. Occipital stimulation for chronic migraine: Patient selection and complications.

The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences 2012;39:807-812.

Klein J, Sandi-Gahun S, Schackert G, Juratli TA. Peripheral nerve field stimulation for trigeminal neuralgia, trigeminal neuropathic pain, and persistent idiopathic facial pain.

Cephalalgia 2015.

Kovacs S, Peeters R, De Ridder D, Plazier M, Menovsky T, Sunaert S. Central effects of occipital nerve electrical stimulation studied by functional magnetic resonance imaging.

Neuromodulation 2011;14:46-55; discussion 56-47.

Lainez MJ, Piera A, Salvador A, Roldan P, Gonzales-Darder J. Efficacy and safety of occipital nerve stimulation for treatment of chronic cluster headache (abs).

Headache 2008;48:S15.

Lambru G, Shanahan P. Occipital nerve stimulation in the treatment of medically intractable SUNCT and SUNA.

Pain physician 2014;17:29-41.

Lee P, Horazeck C, Nahm F, Huh B. Peripheral nerve Stimulation for the treatment of chronic intractable headaches: Long-term efficacy and safety study.

Pain Physician 2015;18:505-516.

Lenchig S, Cohen J, Patin D. A minimally invasive surgical technique for the treatment of posttraumatic trigeminal neuropathic pain with peripheral nerve stimulation.

Pain physician 2012;15:E725-E732.

Leone M. Greater occipital nerve vs hypothalamic stimulation to treat drug-resistant chronic cluster headache (p abs.).

Cephalalgia 2007;27:749.

Leone M, Proietti Cecchini A, Messina G, Franzini A. Long-term occipital nerve stimulation for drug-resistant chronic cluster headache.

Cephalalgia 2016.

Li D, Xiao L. Combining botulinum toxin (a) injection with peripheral nerve stimulation in a patient for intractable ophthalmic postherpetic neuralgia.

Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface 2015.

Linder S. Combined occipital/supraorbital nerve stimulation for treatment of refractory headaches: initial adolescent experience (ages 12-17) [abstract].

Headache 2011;51:47.

Lipton RB, Goadsby PJ, Cady RK, et al. PRISM study: Occipital nerve stimulation for treatment-refractory migraine (p abs).

Cephalalgia 2009;29:30.

Magis D, Allena M, Bolla M, De Pasqua V, Remacle JM, Schoenen J. Occipital nerve stimulation for drug-resistant chronic cluster headache: a prospective pilot study.

Lancet Neurol 2007;6:314-321.

Magis D, Gérard P, Schoenen J. Invasive occipital nerve stimulation for refractory chronic cluster headache: what evolution at long-term? Strengths and weaknesses of the method.

The Journal of Headache and Pain 2016;17:1-5.

Magis D, Gerardy PY, Remacle JM, Schoenen J. Sustained effectiveness of occipital nerve stimulation in drug-resistant chronic cluster headache

Headache 2011;51:1191-1201.

Magown P, Garcia R, Beauprie I, Mendez IM. Occipital nerve stimulation for intractable occipital neuralgia: An open surgical technique.

Clin Neurosurg 2009;56:119-124.

Mammis A, Gudesblatt M, Mogilner AY. Peripheral neurostimulation for the treatment of refractory cluster headache, long-term follow-up: case report.

Neuromodulation 2011;14:432-435; discussion 435.

Matharu MS, Bartsch T, Ward N, Frackowial RS, Weiner RL, Goadsby PJ. Central neuromodulation in chronic migraine patients with suboccipital stimulators: a PET study.

Brain 2004;127:220-230.

McGreevy K, Hameed H, Erdek MA. Updated perspectives on occipital nerve stimulator lead migration: Case report and literature review.

Clin J Pain 2012.

Mekhail NA, Estemalik E, Azer G, Davis K, Tepper SJ. Safety and Efficacy of Occipital Nerves Stimulation for the Treatment of Chronic Migraines: Randomized, Double‐blind, Controlled Single‐center Experience.

Pain Practice 2016.

Melvin EA, Jordan ER, Weiner RL, Primm D. Using peripheral nerve stimulation to reduce the pain of c2-mediated headaches: a preliminary report.

Pain Physician 2007;10:453-460.

Miller S, Watkins L, Matharu M. Long-term outcomes of occipital nerve stimulation for chronic migraine: a cohort of 53 patients.

The Journal of Headache and Pain 2016;17:1-15.

Mironer YE. Combined use of cervical spinal cord stimulator (SCS) and occipital nerve stimulator (ONS) (p abs).

Pain Med 2000;1:193-193.

Mueller OM, Gaul C, Katsarava Z, Diener HC, Sure U, Gasser T. Occipital nerve stimulation for the treatment of chronic cluster headache – lessons learned from 18 months experience.

Cent Eur Neurosurg 2011;72:84-89.

Mueller OM, Gaul C, Katsarava Z, Sure U, Diener HC, Gasser T. [Bilateral occipital nerve stimulation for the treatment of chronic cluster headache: case series and initiation of a prospective study].

Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr 2010;78:709-714.

Narouze SN, Kapural L. Supraorbital nerve electric stimulation for the treatment of Intractable chronic cluster headache: a case report.

Headache 2007;47:1100-1102.

Norenberg E, Winkelmuller W. The epifacial electric stimulation of the occipital nerve in cases of therapy-resistant neuralgia of the occipital nerve.

Schmerz 2001;15:197-199.

Notaro P, Buratti E, Meroni A, Montagna MC, Rubino FG, Voltolini A. The effects of peripheral occipital nerve stimulation for the treatment of patients suffering from chronic migraine: a single center experience.

Pain physician 2014;17:E369-E374

Oh MY, Ortega J, Bellotte JB, Whiting DM, Aló K. Peripheral nerve stimulation for the treatment of occipital neuralgia and transformed migraine using a c1-2-3 subcutaneous paddle style electrode: a technical report.

Neuromodulation 2004;7:103-112.

Paemeliere K, Van Buyten JP, Van Buynder M, et al. Phenotype of patients responsive to occipital nerve stimulation for refractory head pain.

Cephalalgia 2010;30:662-673.

Palmisani S, Al-Kaisy A, Arcioni R, et al. A six year retrospective review of occipital nerve stimulation practice – controversies and challenges of an emerging technique for treating refractory headache syndromes.

J Headache and Pain 2013;14:1-10.

Picaza JA, Cannon BW, Hunter SE, Boyd AS, Guma J, Maurer D. Pain suppression by peripheral nerve stimulation: part II. observations with implanted devices.

Surg Neurol 1975;4:115-126.

Reed KL, Black SB, Banta CJ, 2nd, Will KR. Combined occipital and supraorbital neurostimulation for the treatment of chronic migraine headaches: initial experience.

Cephalalgia 2010;30:260-271.

Reed KL, Conidi F, Bulger R, Will KR. Combined concordant peripheral neurostimulation for chronic migraine: a retrospective analysis of 188 consecutive patients (S41.001).

Neurology 2014;82.

Reed KL, Linder S, Will KR, Bulger R. Combined occipital and supraoribital neurostimulation for chronic migraine headaches in adolescents (Ages 14-19); a retrospective analysis of 23 consecutive patients [abstract].

2013 Congress of the International Headache Society. Boston, MA: Cephalalgia, 2013: 198-199.

Reed KL, Will KR, Bulger R, Dattta S, Rupert M, Linder S. Combined occipital and supraorbital neurostimulation for chronic migraine headachess: a multicenter retrospective analysis of 171 consecutive patients [abstract].

2013 Contgress of the International Headache Society. Boston, MA: Cephalalgia, 2013: 197-198.

Reed KL, Will KR, Chapman J, Richter E. Combined occipital and supraorbital neurostimulation for chronic migraine headaches: an extended case series [abst].

15th Congress of the International Headache Society. Berlin, Germany: Cephalalgia, 2011: 98-99

Reed KL, Will KR, Conidi F, Bulger R. Concordant occipital and supraorbital neurostimulation therapy for hemiplegic migraine; Initial experience; a case series.

Neuromodulation 2015.

Reverberi C, Bonezzi C, Demartini L. Peripheral Subcutaneous Neurostimulation in the Management of Neuropathic Pain: Five Case Reports.

Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface 2009;12:146-155.

Rodrigo-Royo D, Azcona J, Quero J, Lorente M, Acin P, Azcona J. Peripheral neurostimulation in the management of cervicogenic headache: four case reports.

Neuromodulation 2005;8:241-248.

Royster EI, Crumbley K. Initial Experience With Implanted Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for the Treatment of Refractory Cephalgia.

The Ochsner Journal 2011;11:147-150.

Saper JR, Dodick DW, Silberstein SD, et al. Occipital nerve stimulation for the treatment of intractable chronic migraine headache: ONSTIM feasibility study.

Cephalalgia 2011;31:271-285.

Schwedt TJ, Dodick DW, Hentz J, Trentman TL, Zimmerman RS. Occipital nerve stimulation for chronic headache–long-term safety and efficacy.

Cephalalgia 2007;27:153-157.

Schwedt TJ, Dodick DW, Trentman TL, Zimmerman RS. Occipital nerve stimulation for chronic cluster headache and hemicrania continua: pain relief and persistence of autonomic features.

Cephalalgia 2006;26:1025-1027.

Schwedt TJ, Dodick DW, Trentman TL, Zimmerman RS. Response to occipital nerve block is not useful in predicting efficacy of occipital nerve stimulation.

Cephalalgia 2007;27:271-274.

Seixas T, Liça L, Ribeiro B, Batista A, Cortez J, Silva DJ. Chronic cluster headache treated with occipital and supraciliary nerve stimulation‐a new approach: 14AP2‐10.

European Journal of Anaesthesiology (EJA) 2013;30:210-210.

Serra G, Marchioretto F. Occipital nerve stimulation for chronic migraine: a randomized trial.

Pain Physician 2012;15:245-253.

Shaladi A, Crestani F, Saltari R, Piva B. [Percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation of peripheral nerve for the intractable occipital neuralgia].

Recenti Prog Med 2008;99:295-301.

Sharan A, Narouze S, Trentman TL, et al. Peripheral nerve stimulation of the occipital nerves for the management of headache pain and disability associated with chronic migraine: technical considerations from a prospective, multicenter, double-blinded, controlled study.

North American Neurostimulation Society Annual Meeting; 2011; Las Vegas, Nevada.

Shaw AB, Sharma M, Shaikhouni A, et al. Neuromodulation as a last resort option in the treatment of chronic daily headaches in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension.

Neurol India 2015;63:707.

Shin JH, Kim YC, Jang IK, Kim JH, Park SY, Lee SC. Occipital nerve stimulation in a patient with an intractable chronic headache -A case report.

Korean J Anesthesiol 2011;60:298-301.

Silberstein SD, Dodick D, Saper JR, et al. The safety and efficacy of peripheral nerve stimulation for the management of chronic migraine.

North American Neurostimulation Society Annual Meeting. Las Vegas, Nevada2011.

Silberstein SD, Dodick D, Saper JR, et al. The safety and efficacy of occipital nerve stimulation for the management of chronic migraine.

Cephalalgia 2011;31:117.

Silberstein SD, Dodick D, Saper JR, et al. Efficacy of occipital nerve stimulation for the management of intractable, chronic migraine: results from a prospective, multicenter, double-blinded, controlled study.

2012 American Headache Society 54th Annual Scientific Meeting. Los Angeles, Ca2012: 866.

Silberstein SD, Dodick DW, Saper J, et al. Safety and efficacy of peripheral nerve stimulation of the occipital nerves for the management of chronic migraine: results from a randomized, multicenter, double-blinded, controlled study.

Cephalalgia 2012;32:1165-1179.

Simopoulos T, Bajwa Z, Lantz G, Lee S, Burstein R. Implanted auriculotemporal nerve stimulator for the treatment of refractory chronic migraine.

Headache 2010;50:1064-1069.

Skaribas I, Calvillo O, Delikanaki-Skaribas E. Occipital peripheral nerve stimulation in the management of chronic intractable occipital neuralgia in a patient with neurofibromatosis type 1: a case report.

J Med Case Rep 2011;5:174.

Slavin KV. Occipital nerve stimulation for treatment of severe occipital headaches (p abs).

Cephalalgia 2003;23:755.

Slavin KV, Colpan ME, Munawar N, Wess C, Nersesyan H. Trigeminal and occipital peripheral nerve stimulation for craniofacial pain: a single-institution experience and review of the literature.

Neurosurg Focus 2006;21:E5.

Slavin KV, Nersesyan H, Wess C. Peripheral neurostimulation for treatment of intractable occipital neuralgia.

Neurosurgery 2006;58:112-119; discussion 112-119.

Slavin KV, Vannemreddy PS. Repositioning of supraorbital nerve stimulation electrode using retrograde needle insertion: a technical note.

Neuromodulation 2011;14:160-163; discussion 163-164.

Slavin KV, Wess C. Trigeminal branch stimulation for intractable neuropathic pain: technical note.

Neuromodulation 2005;8:7-13.

Slotty PJ, Bara G, Kowatz L, et al. Occipital nerve stimulation for chronic migraine: a randomized trial on subthreshold stimulation.

Cephalalgia 2014;10:1-6.

Son BC, Yang SH, Hong JT, Lee SW. Occipital nerve Stimulation for medically refractory hypnic headache.

Neuromodulation 2012.

Stidd DA, Wuollet A, Bowden K, et al. Peripheral nerve stimulation for trigeminal neuropathic pain.

Pain Physician 2012;15:27-33.

Strand NH, Trentman TL, Vargas BB, Dodick DW. Occipital nerve stimulation with the Bion(R) microstimulator for the treatment of medically refractory chronic cluster headache.

Pain Physician 2011;14:435-440.

Trentman T, Maloney J, Wie C, Rebecca AM, Rosenfeld DM. Use of botulinum toxin injections to treat peripheral stimulator induced facial muscle twitching: a case report.

SpringerPlus 2015;4:216.

Trentman TL, Dodick DW, Zimmerman RS, Birch BD. Percutaneous occipital stimulator tip erosion: report of 2 cases.

Pain Physician 2008;11:253-256.

Trentman TL, Mueller JT, Shah DM, Zimmerman RS, Noble BM. Occipital nerve stimulator lead pathway length changes with volunteer movement: an in vitro study.

Pain Practice 2010;10:42-48.

Trentman TL, Rosenfeld DM, Vargas BB, Schwedt TJ, Zimmerman RS, Dodick DW. Greater occipital nerve stimulation via the Bion microstimulator: implantation technique and stimulation parameters.

Clinical trial: NCT00205894. Pain Physician 2009;12:621-628.

Trentman TL, Slavin KV, Freeman JA, Zimmerman RS. Occipital nerve stimulator placement via a retromastoid to infraclavicular approach: a technical report.

Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2010;88:121-125.

Trentman TL, Zimmerman RS, Dodick DW, Dormer CL, Vargas BB. Occipital nerve stimulator placement under general anesthesia: initial experience with 5 cases and review of the literature.

J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2010;22:158-162.

Trentman TL, Zimmerman RS, Seth N, Hentz JG, Dodick DW. Stimulation ranges, usage ranges, and paresthesia mapping during occipital nerve stimulation.

Neuromodulation 2008;11:56-61.

Tronnier V, Rasche D. Subcutaneous peripheral stimulation of the greater occipital nerve for the treatment of chronic headache syndromes.

Schmerz 2010;24:441-448.

Upadhyay SP, Rana SP, Mishra S, Bhatnagar S. Successful treatment of an intractable postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) using peripheral nerve field stimulation (PNFS).

Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2010;27:59-62.

Vadivelu S, Bolognese P, Milhorat TH, Mogilner AY. Occipital nerve stimulation for refractory headache in the Chiari malformation population.

Neurosurgery 2012;70:1430-1437.

Vaisman J, Markley H, Ordia J, Deer T. The treatment of medically intractable trigeminal autonomic cephalalgia with supraorbital/supratrochlear stimulation: a retrospective case series.

Neuromodulation 2012;15:374-380.

Vargas BB, Dodick D, Trentman TL, Radam TE, Zimmerman RS, Noble BN. Occipital nerve stimulation via the bion device for the treatment of medically refractory chronic cluster headache.

Headache 2008;48:S52.

Verrills P, Rose R, Mitchell B, Vivian D, Barnard A. Peripheral nerve field stimulation for chronic headache: 60 cases and long-term follow-up.

Neuromodulation 2014;17:54-59.

Vesper J, Bara G, Kinfe T, Schu S. Occipital nerve stimulation (ONS) for the treatment of chronic headache syndromes.

J Headache Pain 2013;14:P193.

Waisbrod G, Panhans C, Hansen D, Gerbershagen HU. Direct nerve stimulation for painful peripiheral neuropathies.

J Bone Joint Surg Am 1985;67-B:470-472.

Weiner RL, Alo K, Fuller ML. Peripheral neurostimulation to control intractable occipital neuralgia (p abs). 9th World Congress on Pain; 1999.

Vienna, Austria: 8-23.

Yakovlev AE, Resch BE. Treatment of chronic intractable atypical facial pain using peripheral subcutaneous field stimulation.

Neuromodulation 2010;13:137-140.

Zach KJ, Trentman TL, Zimmerman RS, Dodick D. Refractory headaches treated with bilateral occipital and temporal region stimulation.

Medical Devices: Evidence and Research 2014;7:55-59.

Zhou L, Ashkenazi A, Smith JW, Jen N, Deer TR, Zhou C. Long-Term Clinical Outcome of Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for Chronic Headache and Complication Prevention.

Anesth Pain Med;inpress:e35983.

All Medical Migraine Treatment Research

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